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Random shut downs can happen due to various reasons like a corrupted program, system file corruption corrupted drivers etc and also due to issues with the battery and other hardware.

I am assuming that the laptop is not overheating and the battery is not dysfunctioning (if that is the case, get a technician to check for obstructions in the fan, check if it works fine with the power cord connected or get a new battery accordingly). Follow these steps and check if the problem persists after each one:

1. Disconnect any external devices like mouse or webcam that might be connected.

2. Check if it works fine in Safe Mode. If the system works fine in safe mode, it indicates that a program, driver or service that is supposed to run in normal mode (but not in safe mode) is causing the problem.

3. If the problem started recently, perform a System Restore. To do so, click “Start> All Programs > Accessories> System Tools> System Restore” and select an appropriate date.

4. Perform clean boot troubleshooting:
a. Boot the system in Safe Mode.
b. Type ‘msconfig’ in start-search and hit enter.
c. On the System Configuration window, click on the startup tab.
d. Click on ‘disable all’ at the bottom right.
e. Now click on the services tab on the top.
f. Ensure that you have a check mark in the box “Hide All Microsoft Services”.
g. Click on ‘disable all’ at the bottom right.
h. Save changes and restart the computer in the normal mode.
i. If the issue is resolved, you will need to enable the programs you disabled (one lot at a time) and restart each time to figure out which one was causing the problem.

Note: You can refer to http://support.microsoft.com/kb/929135 for the strategy you need to follow.
Once you find out the program, you can either uninstall it or contact its manufacturer and get an updated version if available.

5. Perform hardware clean boot. It is a procedure similar to clean boot but it involves disabling the drivers for devices.
a. Boot the computer in Safe Mode.
b. Type ‘devmgmt.msc’ in start-search and hit enter. This pulls up the ‘Device Manager’.
c. Expand these sections: ‘Display Adapter’, ‘DVD/CD-ROM drive’, ‘Network Adapter’ and ‘Sound, video and game controllers’.
d. Right click and ‘disable’ all the entries listed within them.
e. Restart the computer in Normal Mode.
f. In the ‘Device Manager’, right click and enable the drivers one at a time and observe the functioning of the computer for some time for each device.
g. If the system shuts down immediately after you enable a particular device, uninstall and reinstall the driver for the device.

6. Disable the security software and check if the issue still persists.

7. Uninstall any unwanted software from “Control Panel>Programs and Features”.

8. Run a full virus scan in Safe Mode.

Hope it helps.

Here's to Good Karma